Moreover, a 1 Ah pouch cell with a CTD delithiation mechanism operates for 150 cycles. Under practical conditions, the working batteries based on a CTD delithiation mechanism maintain 210 cycles with a capacity retention of 80% in comparison to 110 cycles of a bare Li anode.
When the overpotential of the anode increases over the delithiation potential of lithiated graphite after cycling, a deintercalation reaction is consequently triggered to complete a whole CTD delithiation process, largely reducing the formation of dead Li due to a highly reversible deintercalation reaction. The delithiation at initial cycles is solely carried out by a conversion reaction of Li metal. In this contribution, a successive conversion–deintercalation (CTD) delithiation mechanism is proposed by manipulating the overpotential of the anode to restrain the generation of dead Li. Dead Li is inevitably generated during the delithiation of deposited Li based on a conversion reaction, which severely depletes active Li and electrolyte and induces a short lifespan. Lithium (Li) metal anodes are attractive for high-energy-density batteries.
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